History of Hungduan Ifugao
Hungduan is a municipality in Ifugao, Philippines, known for its rich cultural heritage, particularly its rice terraces, which are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. The people of Hungduan, like other Ifugao groups, have a long history of terrace farming, dating back thousands of years. They managed to maintain independence during the Spanish colonial period due to their mountainous location and resistance to outside control. Under American rule, they experienced infrastructure development but retained their traditional practices.
In the post-independence era, Hungduan became part of the Cordillera Administrative Region and has focused on preserving its cultural heritage. Today, the rice terraces continue to play a central role in the local economy, and the community practices indigenous rituals. Hungduan's cultural legacy and agricultural techniques remain integral to its identity.
Mumbaki
A Mumbaki is a traditional priest or ritual specialist in the Cordillera region of the Philippines, especially among the Ifugao, Kalinga, and Bontoc tribes. They perform rituals and sacrifices to connect with spirits, ancestors, and deities, ensuring harmony between humans and nature. Mumbakis also serve as healers, using traditional medicine to treat illnesses. Becoming a Mumbaki requires years of training, and they hold significant social and spiritual influence in their communities. While the role has declined in some areas, efforts are being made to preserve these traditions.
Photo: The Mumbaki, the traditional prayer men of Ifugao. Norma's father is the fifth person. Taken in the early 90s.
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